Activity four; Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected through an important relationship. The products of one process are the reactants of the other. Notice that the equation for cellular respiration is the direct opposite of photosynthesis:

• Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are direct opposite reactions. Energy from the sun enters a plant and is converted into glucose during photosynthesis. Some of the energy is used to make ATP in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, and some is lost to the environment as heat.

1. Search the necessary webgrapy or bibliography to define the two reactions.

• Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight into chemical energy.  

There are two types of photosynthetic processes: oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Oxygenic photosynthesis is the most common and is seen in plants, algae and cyanobacteria.

During oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy transfers electrons from water (H2O) to carbon dioxide (CO2), which produces carbohydrates. In this transfer, the CO2 is "reduced," or receives electrons, and the water becomes "oxidized," or loses electrons. Ultimately, oxygen is produced along with carbohydrates.

• Cellular Respiration- The term cellular respiration refers to the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life. All living cells must carry out cellular respiration. It can be aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen or anaerobic respiration. Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells. More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions. The energy currency of these cells is ATP, and one way to view the outcome of cellular respiration is as a production process for ATP.

2. Write all the chemical reactions which are involved in each one of both processes and try to make detailed comparisons

PHOTOSYNTHESIS- 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

CELLULAR RESPIRATION - C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2.

3. Make up a worksheet or a brief test with multiple-choice questions about these two important biological process.

11.- What is photosynthesis?

1. A fisic process
2. A chemical process
3. Industrial process

22.-Who can do the photosynthesis?

1. Only plants
2. Algae and virus
3. Plants, algae and some microorganisms

  3.What is needed to produce photosynthesis?

1. To perform photosynthesis, plants need chlorophyll, which is a green substance they have in the leaves. It is responsible for absorbing adequate light to perform this process. In turn, chlorophyll is responsible for the characteristic green color of plants.
2. To perform photosynthesis, plants need chlorophyll, which is a grey substance they have in the leaves. It is responsible for absorbing adequate light to perform this process. In turn, chlorophyll is responsible for the characteristic grey color of plants.
3. To perform photosynthesis, plants need chlorophyll, which is a green substance they have in the flowers. It is responsible for absorbing adequate light to perform this process. In turn, chlorophyll is responsible for the characteristic green color of plants.

4.What is the complete process of plant feeding?

a)Lollygag, Absorption, Circulation, Photosynthesis and Expulsion.

b) Absorption, Circulation, Photosynthesis and Breathing

c)Breathing, Circulation, Photosynthesis, Expulsion and Lollygag.

5.What is the importance of photosynthesis?

1. Photosynthesis causes plants to generate oxygen, which is the element that all living things breathe. In addition, plants consume toxic gases such as carbon dioxide.
2. Photosynthesis causes plants to generate hydrogen, which is the element that all living things breathe. In addition, plants consume toxic gases such as carbon dioxide.
3. Photosynthesis causes plants to generate oxygen, which is the element that all living things expire. In addition, plants consume healthy gases such as carbon dioxide.

6.What is aerobic respiration?

a) Type of energetic metabolism in which the alive beings extract energy of organic molecules, as the glucose, for a complex process in which the carbon is oxidized and in which the oxygen proceeding from the air is the used oxidizer.

b) Biological process of oxidorreducción of monosacáridos and other compounds in that the terminal acceptor of electrons is an inorganic molecule different from the oxygen, and more strange an organic molecule, across a chain transportadora of electrons analogous to that of the mitochondrion in the aerobic breathing

7.What is anaerobic respiration?

a) Type of energetic metabolism in which the alive beings extract energy of organic molecules, as the glucose, for a complex process in which the carbon is oxidized and in which the oxygen proceeding from the air is the used oxidizer.

b) Biological process of oxidorreducción of monosacáridos and other compounds in that the terminal acceptor of electrons is an inorganic molecule different from the oxygen, and more strange an organic molecule, across a chain transportadora of electrons analogous to that of the mitochondrion in the aerobic breathing

• Provide the solutions apart

1. What is photosynthesis?

          b)  A chemical process

   2.-Who can do the photosynthesis?

c)Plants, algae and some microorganisms

3.What is needed to produce photosynthesis?

a)To perform photosynthesis, plants need chlorophyll, which is a green substance they have in the leaves. It is responsible for absorbing adequate light to perform this process. In turn, chlorophyll is responsible for the characteristic green color of plants.

4.What is the complete process of plant feeding?

b) Absorption, Circulation, Photosynthesis and Breathing

5.What is the importance of photosynthesis?

a)Photosynthesis causes plants to generate oxygen, which is the element that all living things breathe. In addition, plants consume toxic gases such as carbon dioxide.

6.What is aerobic respiration?

a) Type of energetic metabolism in which the alive beings extract energy of organic molecules, as the glucose, for a complex process in which the carbon is oxidized and in which the oxygen proceeding from the air is the used oxidizer.

7.What is anaerobic respiration?

b) Biological process of oxidorreducción of monosacáridos and other compounds in that the terminal acceptor of electrons is an inorganic molecule different from the oxygen, and more strange an organic molecule, across a chain transportadora of electrons analogous to that of the mitochondrion in the aerobic breathing

Activity five; Water in History

➜ Research  about water technological contributions of the Arabs.

Medieval Islam was a prosperous and dynamic civilization, and much of its prosperity was due to an engineering technology that assisted in increasing the production of raw materials and finished products. In addition, the demand for scientific instruments, and the need to cater for the amusements and aesthetic pleasures of the leisured classes, was reflected in a tradition of fine technology based upon delicate and sensitive control mechanisms. This is a very wide subject indeed, and the Islamic contribution to the development of modern engineering will be indicated by means of citing individual cases of technology transfer.

Irrigation and Water Supply

Agricultural and irrigation methods and techniques were introduced into the western regions of Islam. The rulers of al-Andalus and many of their followers were of Syrian origin, and the climate, terrain and hydraulic conditions in parts of southern Spain resemble those of Syria.

systems of Valencia and Andalusia are of Muslim origin. In 1960 a celebration was held in Valencia commemorating the ‘Millennium of the Waters’. It expressed public recognition of the establishment of the irrigation system, and specifically of the Tribunal of Waters during the reign of 'Abd al-Rahman III'. 

The irrigation system that had been instituted in the days of the caliphs in Valencia was perpetuated and confirmed under the succeeding dynasties, until, when the Christian conquerors appeared in the thirteenth century, it recommended itself for adoption, backed by the experienced benefits of several centuries.

There is some difference between eastern Spain (Valencia and Murcia) and the kingdom of Granada.

The Qanat

The qanat system was an efficient method for irrigation and water supply. It originated in pre-Islamic Iran. 

The Andalusi agronomical writers provide practical advice on well-digging and qanat construction.